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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rfhealth</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Здравоохранение Российской Федерации</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Health care of the Russian Federation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0044-197X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0723</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0044-197X-2021-65-1-17-23</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rfhealth-290</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Изменения смертности, продолжительности жизни и скорости старения в ХХ веке и возможные причины этого</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Changes in mortality, life expectancy and the rate of aging in the XX century: possible causes</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2234-4715</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Донцов</surname><given-names>Виталий Иванович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dontsov</surname><given-names>Vitaly I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, вед. науч. сотр. отдела системного анализа и информационных технологий в медицине и экологии Института системного анализа ФГБУ «Федеральный исследовательский центр «Информатика и управление» РАН, 117312, Москва.</p><p>e-mail: dontsovvi@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, lead researcher of the Department 102 of Institute for Systems Analysis, Federal Research Center “Computer Science and Control” of Russian Academy of Sciences. Moscow, 117312, Russian Federation.</p><p>e-mail: dontsovvi@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dontsovvi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ Федеральный исследовательский центр «Информатика и управление» РАН</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Research Center «Computer Science and Control»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>03</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>65</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>17</fpage><lpage>23</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Донцов В.И., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Донцов В.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dontsov V.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rfhealth.ru/jour/article/view/290">https://www.rfhealth.ru/jour/article/view/290</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Резкое постарение населения и связанные с этим медико-демографические и социально-экономические проблемы определяют повышенный интерес к проблеме старения. </p><p>Цели исследования – изучить особенности и причины изменения возрастной смертности, продолжительности жизни (ПЖ) и старения в России во второй половине ХХ в. в сравнении с другими странами. </p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Использовали таблицы дожития Human Mortality Database для оценки ожидаемой и максимальной ПЖ; скорость старения вычисляли по компонентам формулы Гомперца–Мейкема и приращению общей интенсивности смертности, строили графики стандартными средствами программы Microsoft Office Excel и разработанной нами компьютерной программы «Старение популяций».</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. До середины ХХ в. резкое повышение ПЖ не сопровождалось значимыми изменениями скорости старения, но затем при относительно незначительном повышении ПЖ скорость старения резко снизилась. Замедление старения отмечено для всех исследованных стран (от 12 до 36 стран для разных доступных исторических периодов), для всех исследованных параметров старения и прогрессирует до конца изучаемого периода. Для России начавшееся одновременно с другими странами снижение скорости старения в 1960–1970-х гг. замедлилось и восстановилось лишь к 2000 г. </p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение</title><p>Обсуждение. Улучшение условий жизни и успехи здравоохранения ведут к увеличению доли пожилых людей в структуре населения, однако эти же процессы снижают скорость индивидуального старения. Улучшение медико-социальной помощи пенсионерам снижает уровень их смертности, но производит феномен отсроченной смертности в более поздних возрастах (феномен инверсии общей интенсивности смертности долгожителей с пониженной на повышенную). Однако использование показателя приращения интенсивности смертности показывает, что снижение скорости старения для долгожителей сохраняется. </p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Выявленные тенденции к изменению смертности полезны для разработки направлений профилактического и социально-медицинского воздействия на здоровье населения.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The rapid aging of the world and Russian population and the associated medical, demographic, and socioeconomic problems determine the increased interest in the issue of aging. </p></sec><sec><title>Aim and objectives</title><p>Aim and objectives. to study the features and causes of changes in age-related mortality, life expectancy (LE), and aging in Russia in the second half of the XX century compared to other countries. </p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. We used the Human Mortality Database survival tables to estimate the expected and maximum life expectancy. The aging rate was calculated using the Gompertz–Makeham formula and the increment of total mortality. Graphs were built using Microsoft Office Excel’s standard tools and the computer program Aging of Populations developed by us. </p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Until the middle of the XX century, significant aging rate changes did not accompany a sharp increase in Le. Later with a relatively small increase in LE, it decreases sharply. Deceleration of aging was observed for all studied countries (from 12 to 36 for different available historical periods) for all studied parameters and progresses to the end of the studied period. For Russia, the decline in the aging rate that began simultaneously 7 with other countries in 1960–1970's slows down and is restored only by 2000. </p></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>Discussion. Improvements in living conditions and health outcomes lead to an increase in the proportion of the elderly population structure. However, these same processes reduce the rate of individual aging. Improving medical and social care for retired people reduces their mortality rate. Still, it produces a phenomenon of delayed mortality in later ages (the phenomenon of inversion of centenarians’ total mortality – from reduced to increased). Nevertheless, the use of the mortality rate increment indicator shows that the decline in the aging rate for centenarians persists. </p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The identified trends in mortality are useful for developing areas of preventive and socio-medical impact on the population’s health.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>старение</kwd><kwd>формула Гомперца-Мейкема</kwd><kwd>скорость старения</kwd><kwd>смертность</kwd><kwd>изменение смертности в истории</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>aging</kwd><kwd>Gompertz-Makeham formula</kwd><kwd>aging rate</kwd><kwd>mortality</kwd><kwd>mortality changes in history</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ильичева Ю.В., Колотова С.А. Влияние демографических процессов на производительность общественного труда. 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