<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rfhealth</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Здравоохранение Российской Федерации</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Health care of the Russian Federation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0044-197X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0723</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.46563/0044-197X-2020-64-6-368-372</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rfhealth-240</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LITERATURE REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Организация контроля качества радиотерапии путем автоматизации процессинга больших массивов данных</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Management of the radiotherapy quality control using automated Big Data processing</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1825-1871</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Завьялов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zavyalov</surname><given-names>Aleksandr A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0745-9474</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Андреев</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Анатольевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Andreev</surname><given-names>Dmitry A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Вед. науч. сотр.; ученая степень «доктор», присужденная в Erasmus University Medical Center (Erasmus MC), г. Роттердам, Нидерланды; научно-клинический отдел, ГБУ «Научно-исследовательский институт организации здравоохранения и медицинского менеджмента Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы», 115088, Москва.</p><p>e-mail: dmitry.email08@gmail.com</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>М.D., Ph.D., Leading Research Fellow, Scientific - Clinical Department, the State Research Institute for Healthcare Organization and Medical Management of Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, 115088, Russia.</p><p>e-mail: dmitry.email08@gmail.com</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dmitry.email08@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">ГБУ «Научно-исследовательский институт организации здравоохранения и медицинского менеджмента Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Research Institute for Healthcare Organization and Medical Management of Moscow Healthcare Department<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>01</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>64</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>368</fpage><lpage>372</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Завьялов А.А., Андреев Д.А., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Завьялов А.А., Андреев Д.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zavyalov A.A., Andreev D.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rfhealth.ru/jour/article/view/240">https://www.rfhealth.ru/jour/article/view/240</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Организация сбора и анализа данных по профилю «онкология» в Москве все чаще осуществляется путем применения новейших автоматизированных систем. Различные аспекты науки о данных становятся востребованными в области радиационной онкологии. Открываются новые пути к расширению массивов показателей, предназначенных в том числе для мониторинга качества и безопасности медицинской деятельности.</p><p>Цель исследования - краткий обзор ключевых структурных элементов автоматизированной обработки больших массивов данных и перспектив использования науки о данных в свете организации внутреннего контроля качества и безопасности лучевой терапии онкологических больных.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Для поиска источников литературы были использованы базы данных PubMed и eLibrary. В основном отбирались работы, опубликованные за последние 2-3 года. Проанализировано более 20 публикаций.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. В статье кратко сообщается о текущих перспективах использования науки о больших массивах данных в свете организации контроля качества и безопасности лучевой терапии в крупной онкологической сети. Рассмотрены структурные элементы автоматизированной обработки больших массивов данных, связанных с функционированием радиотерапевтических отделений. Применение технологий процессинга больших массивов медицинских данных позволяет улучшить надзор за качеством на всех этапах лучевой терапии. Детализированные данные по лучевой нагрузке могут быть «привязаны» к показателям исходов, интегрированным в более крупные регистры.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение</title><p>Обсуждение. Процедуры контроля качества лучевой терапии могут быть в определенной степени автоматизированы путем дальнейшего совершенствования программных инструментов анализа и сравнения характеристик проводимого лечения с цифровыми показателями минимальных норм/стандартов. Создание автоматизированных систем раннего предупреждения и быстрого реагирования врачей в случае серьезных расхождений в актуальных показателях качества онкологической помощи позволит эффективно контролировать внутренние медицинские процессы.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Значение технологий анализа больших массивов данных для организации внутреннего контроля качества и безопасности медицинской деятельности, в том числе по профилю «радиология», в перспективе возрастет.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. In Moscow, the state-of-the-art information technologies for cancer care data processing are widely used in routine practice. Data Science approaches are increasingly applied in the field of radiation oncology. Novel arrays of radiotherapy performance indices can be introduced into real-time cancer care quality and safety monitoring.</p></sec><sec><title>The purpose of the study</title><p>The purpose of the study. The short review of the critical structural elements of automated Big Data processing and its perspectives in the light of the internal quality and safety control organization in radiation oncology departments.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. The PubMed (Medline) and E-Library databases were used to search the articles published mainly in the last 2-3 years. In total, about 20 reports were selected.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. This paper highlights the applicability of the next-generation Data Science approaches to quality and safety assurance in radiation oncological units. The structural pillars for automated Big Data processing are considered. Big Data processing technologies can facilitate improvements in quality management at any radiotherapy stage. Simultaneously, the high requirements for quality and integrity across indices in the databases are crucial. Detailed dose data may also be linked to outcomes and survival indices integrated into larger registries.</p></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>Discussion. Radiotherapy quality control could be automated to some extent through further introduction of information technologies making comparisons of the real-time quality measures with digital targets in terms of minimum norms / standards. The implementation of automated systems generating early electronic notifications and rapid alerts in case of serious quality violation could drastically improve the internal medical processes in local clinics.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The role of Big Data tools in internal quality and safety control will dramatically increase over time.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>онкология</kwd><kwd>радиология</kwd><kwd>лучевая терапия</kwd><kwd>организация здравоохранения</kwd><kwd>контроль качества и безопасности</kwd><kwd>наука о данных</kwd><kwd>автоматизированная обработка</kwd><kwd>информационные системы</kwd><kwd>обзор</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>radiation oncology</kwd><kwd>data science and big data</kwd><kwd>quality and safety control</kwd><kwd>cancer care</kwd><kwd>healthcare organization</kwd><kwd>information systems</kwd><kwd>review</kwd><kwd>automated data processing</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Минаков С.Н., Левина Ю.В., Простов М.Ю. Популяционный раковый регистр. Функциональные возможности, задачи и существующие проблемы. Злокачественные опухоли. 2019; 9(1): 6-9. https://doi.org/10.18027/2224-5057-2019-9-1-6-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Minakov S.N., Levina Yu.V., Prostov M.Yu. Population-based cancer register. functionality, challenges, and existing problems. Zlokachestvennye opukholi. 2019; 9(1): 6-9. ­ https://doi.org/10.18027/2224-5057-2019-9-1-6-9 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Погонин А.В., Тяжельников А.А., Юмукян А.В. ЕМИАС - инструмент эффективного управления медицинскими учреждениями. Здравоохранение. 2015; (4): 52-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pogonin A.V., Tyazhel’nikov A.A., Yumukyan A.V. United Medical Information and Analytical System of Moscow (UMIAS) is a tool for effective management of medical institutions. Zdravookhranenie. 2015; (4): 52–7. ­ (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meyer P., Noblet V., Mazzara C., Lallement A. Survey on deep learning for radiotherapy. Comput. Biol. Med. 2018; 98: 126-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2018.05.018</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meyer P., Noblet V., Mazzara C., Lallement A. Survey on deep learning for radiotherapy. Comput. Biol. Med. 2018; 98: 126–46. ­ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2018.05.018</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matuszak M.M., Fuller C.D., Yock T.I., Hess C.B., McNutt T., Jolly S., et al. Performance/outcomes data and physician process challenges for practical big data efforts in radiation oncology. Med. Phys. 2018; 45(10): e811-e9. https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.13136</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matuszak M.M., Fuller C.D., Yock T.I., Hess C.B., McNutt T., Jolly S., et al. Performance/outcomes data and physician process challenges for practical big data efforts in radiation oncology. Med. Phys. 2018; 45(10): e811-e9. ­ https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.13136</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Андреев Д.А., Хачанова Н.В., Степанова В.Н., Башлакова Е.Е., Евдошенко Е.П., Давыдовская М.В. Стандартизация моделирования прогрессирования хронических заболеваний. Проблемы стандартизации в здравоохранении. 2017; (9-10): 12-24. https://doi.org/10.26347/1607-2502201709-10012-024</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andreev D.A., Khachanova N.V., Stepanova V.N., Bashlakova E.E., Evdoshenko E.P., Davydovskaya M.V. Standardized modeling of the chronic disease progression (review). Problemy standartizatsii v zdravookhranenii. 2017; (9-10): 12–24. ­ https://doi.org/10.26347/1607-2502201709-10012-024 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chiesa S., Tolu B., Longo S., Nardiello B., Capocchiano N.D., Rea F., et al. A new standardized data collection system for brain stereotactic external radiotherapy: the PRE.M.I.S.E project. Future Sci. O.A. 2020; 6(7): FSO596. https://doi.org/10.2144/fsoa-2020-0015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chiesa S., Tolu B., Longo S., Nardiello B., Capocchiano N.D., Rea F., et al. A new standardized data collection system for brain stereotactic external radiotherapy: the PRE.M.I.S.E project. Future Sci. O.A. 2020; 6(7): FSO596. ­ https://doi.org/10.2144/fsoa-2020-0015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Андреев Д.А., Хачанова Н.В., Кокушкин К.А., Давыдовская М.В. Стандартизованные регистры пациентов с рассеянным склерозом - важный инструмент при переходе на ценностно-ориентированное здравоохранение. Проблемы стандартизации в здравоохранении. 2018; (3-4): 35-45. https://doi.org/10.26347/1607-2502201803-04035-045</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andreev D.A., Khachanova N.V., Kokushkin K.A., Davydovskaya M.V. Multiple sclerosis registries as a vital element in the transition to the value-based healthcare. Problemy standartizatsii v zdravookhranenii. 2018; (3-4): 35–45. ­ https://doi.org/10.26347/1607-2502201803-04035-045 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McNutt T.R., Bowers M., Cheng Z., Han P., Hui X., Moore J., et al. Practical data collection and extraction for big data applications in radiotherapy. Med. Phys. 2018; 45(10): e863-e9. https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.12817</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McNutt T.R., Bowers M., Cheng Z., Han P., Hui X., Moore J., et al. Practical data collection and extraction for big data applications in radiotherapy. Med. Phys. 2018; 45(10): e863-e9. ­ https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.12817</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hauth F., Bizu V., App R., Lautenbacher H., Tenev A., Bitzer M., et al. Electronic Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Radiation Oncology: Initial Experience After Workflow Implementation. JMIR mHealth uHealth. 2019; 7(7): e12345. https://doi.org/10.2196/12345</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hauth F., Bizu V., App R., Lautenbacher H., Tenev A., Bitzer M., et al. Electronic Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Radiation Oncology: Initial Experience After Workflow Implementation. JMIR mHealth uHealth. 2019; 7(7): e12345. ­ https://doi.org/10.2196/12345</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lewis G.D., Hatch S.S., Wiederhold L.R., Swanson T.A. Long-Term Institutional Experience With Telemedicine Services for Radiation Oncology: A Potential Model for Long-Term Utilization. Adv. Radiat. Oncol. 2020; 5(4): 780-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adro.2020.04.018</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lewis G.D., Hatch S.S., Wiederhold L.R., Swanson T.A. Long-Term Institutional Experience With Telemedicine Services for Radiation Oncology: A Potential Model for Long-Term Utilization. Adv. Radiat. Oncol. 2020; 5(4): 780–2. ­ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adro.2020.04.018</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang B., Chen S., D’Souza W.D., Yi B. A systematic quality assurance framework for the upgrade of radiation oncology information systems. Phys. Med. 2020; 69: 28-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2019.11.024</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang B., Chen S., D’Souza W.D., Yi B. A systematic quality assurance framework for the upgrade of radiation oncology information systems. Phys. Med. 2020; 69: 28–35. ­ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2019.11.024</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clunie D., Hosseinzadeh D., Wintell M., De Mena D., Lajara N., Garcia-Rojo M., et al. Digital imaging and communications in medicine whole slide imaging connectathon at Digital Pathology Association Pathology Visions 2017. J. Pathol. Inform. 2018; 9: 6. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpi.jpi_1_18</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clunie D., Hosseinzadeh D., Wintell M., De Mena D., Lajara N., Garcia-Rojo M., et al. Digital imaging and communications in medicine whole slide imaging connectathon at Digital Pathology Association Pathology Visions 2017. J. Pathol. Inform. 2018; 9: 6. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpi.jpi_1_18</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Teng D., Kong J., Wang F. Scalable and flexible management of medical image big data. Distrib. Parallel Databases. 2019; 37(2): 235-50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10619-018-7230-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Teng D., Kong J., Wang F. Scalable and flexible management of medical image big data. Distrib. Parallel Databases. 2019; 37(2): 235–50. ­ https://doi.org/10.1007/s10619-018-7230-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nikiema J.N., Jouhet V., Mougin F. Integrating cancer diagnosis terminologies based on logical definitions of SNOMED CT concepts. J. Biomed. Inform. 2017; 74: 46-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2017.08.013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikiema J.N., Jouhet V., Mougin F. Integrating cancer diagnosis terminologies based on logical definitions of SNOMED CT concepts. J. Biomed. Inform. 2017; 74: 46–58. ­ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2017.08.013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McNutt T.R., Moore K.L., Wu B., Wright J.L. Use of Big Data for Quality Assurance in Radiation Therapy. Semin. Radiat. Oncol. 2019; 29(4): 326-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semradonc.2019.05.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McNutt T.R., Moore K.L., Wu B., Wright J.L. Use of Big Data for Quality Assurance in Radiation Therapy. Semin. Radiat. Oncol. 2019; 29(4): 326–32. ­ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semradonc.2019.05.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Киселев К.В., Ноева Е.А., Выборов О.Н., Зорин А.В., Потехина А.В., Осяева М.К. и др. Разработка алгоритма работы логического решателя интеллектуальной системы поддержки принятия врачебных решений для инструментальной диагностики стенокардии. Медицинские технологии. Оценка и выбор. 2019; 1(35): 32-42. https://doi.org/10.31556/2219-0678.2019.35.1.032-042</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kiselev K.V., Noeva E.A., Vyborov O.N., Zorin A.V., Pote­khina A.V., Osyaeva M.K., et al. Development of a reasoning solver algorithm for instrumental diagnostics of angina pectoris in intelligent clinical decision support system. Meditsinskie tekhnologii. Otsenka i vybor. 2019; 1(35): 32–42. https://doi.org/10.31556/2219-0678.2019.35.1.032-042 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Метельская А.В., Камынина Н.Н. Развитие концепции “бережливой поликлиники”. Проблемы социальной гигиены, здравоохранения и истории медицины. 2020; 28(S): 785-90. https://doi.org/10.32687/0869-866X-2020-28-s1-785-790</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Metel’skaya A.V., Kamynina N.N. Development of the concept of «lean polyclinics». Problemy sotsial’noy gigieny, zdravookhraneniya i istorii meditsiny. 2020; 28(S): 785–90. https://doi.org/10.32687/0869-866X-2020-28-s1-785-790 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cai B., Altman M.B., Reynoso F., Garcia-Ramirez J., He A., Edward S.S., et al. Standardization and automation of quality assurance for high-dose-rate brachytherapy planning with application programming interface. Brachytherapy. 2019; 18(1): 108-114.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brachy.2018.09.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cai B., Altman M.B., Reynoso F., Garcia-Ramirez J., He A., Edward S.S., et al. Standardization and automation of quality assurance for high-dose-rate brachytherapy planning with application programming interface. Brachytherapy. 2019; 18(1): 108-114.e1. ­ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brachy.2018.09.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stervik L., Pettersson N., Scherman J., Behrens C.F., Ceberg C., Engelholm S., et al. Analysis of early respiratory-related mortality after radiation therapy of non-small-cell lung cancer: feasibility of automatic data extraction for dose-response studies. Acta Oncol. 2020; 59(6): 628-35. https://doi.org/10.1080/0284186X.2020.1739331</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stervik L., Pettersson N., Scherman J., Behrens C.F., Ceberg C., Engelholm S., et al. Analysis of early respiratory-related mortality after radiation therapy of non-small-cell lung cancer: feasibility of automatic data extraction for dose-response studies. Acta Oncol. 2020; 59(6): 628–35. ­ https://doi.org/10.1080/0284186X.2020.1739331</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vogelius I.R., Petersen J., Bentzen S.M. Harnessing data science to advance radiation oncology. Mol. Oncol. 2020; 14(7): 1514-28. https://doi.org/10.1002/1878-0261.12685</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vogelius I.R., Petersen J., Bentzen S.M. Harnessing data science to advance radiation oncology. Mol. Oncol. 2020; 14(7): 1514–28. ­ https://doi.org/10.1002/1878-0261.12685</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ronneberger O., Fischer P., Brox T. U-Net: convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation. In: Navab N., Hornegger J., Wells W., Frangi A., eds. Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention - MICCAI 2015. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015: 234-41. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24574-4_28</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ronneberger O., Fischer P., Brox T. U-Net: convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation. In: Navab N., Hornegger J., Wells W., Frangi A., eds. Medical Image Compu­ting and Computer-Assisted Intervention – MICCAI 2015. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015: 234–41. ­ https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24574-4_28</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
