rfhealthЗдравоохранение Российской ФедерацииHealth care of the Russian Federation0044-197X2412-0723Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman10.47470/0044-197X-2025-69-5-449-454lnhxacrfhealth-2014Research ArticleПРОБЛЕМЫ СОЦИАЛЬНО ЗНАЧИМЫХ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЙPROBLEMS OF SOCIALLY SIGNIFICANT DISEASESНикотиновая зависимость в процессе реализации программ борьбы с табакомNicotine addiction over the process of implementing tobacco control programshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3799-0736ГоленковАндрей ВасильевичGolenkovAndrei V.

Доктор мед. наук, профессор каф. психиатрии, медицинской психологии и неврологии ФГБОУ ВО «Чувашский государственный университет им. И.Н. Ульянова», 428015, Чебоксары, Россия

e-mail: golenkovav@inbox.ru

DSc (Medicine), Professor, Department of psychiatry, medical psychology and neurology, I.N. Ulyanov Chuvash State University, Cheboksary, 428015, Russian Federation

e-mail: golenkovav@inbox.ru

golenkovav@inbox.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0887-4995БонкалоТатьяна ИвановнаBonkaloTatyana I.

Доктор психол. наук, доцент, вед. науч. сотр. отдела исследований общественного здоровья ГБУ НИИОЗММ ДЗМ, 115088, Москва, Россия

e-mail: bonkalotatyanaivanovna@yandex.ru

DSc (Psychology), Associate Professor, leading researcher, Department of public health research, Research Institute of Healthcare Organization and Medical Management of Moscow Health Department, Moscow, 115088, Russian Federation

e-mail: bonkalotatyanaivanovna@yandex.ru

bonkalotatyanaivanovna@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0390-194XШмелеваСветлана ВасильевнаShmelevaSvetlana V.

Доктор мед. наук, доцент, профессор ФГБОУ ВО МГУТУ им. К.Г. Разумовского, 109004, Москва, Россия

e-mail: 89151479832@mail.ru

DSc (Medicine), Associate Professor, Professor, Moscow State University of Technology and Management named after K.G. Razumovsky, Moscow, 109004, Russian Federation

e-mail: 89151479832@mail.ru

89151479832@mail.ruФГБОУ ВО «Чувашский государственный университет им. И.Н. Ульянова»РоссияChuvash State University named after I.N. UlyanovRussian FederationГБУ города Москвы «Научно-исследовательский институт организации здравоохранения и медицинского менеджмента Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы»РоссияResearch Institute of Healthcare Organization and Medical Management of Moscow Health DepartmentRussian FederationФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный университет технологий и управления имени К.Г. Разумовского»РоссияMoscow State University of Technology and Management named after K.G. RazumovskyRussian Federation202501112025695449454Copyright © Голенков А.В., Бонкало Т.И., Шмелева С.В., 20252025Голенков А.В., Бонкало Т.И., Шмелева С.В.Golenkov A.V., Bonkalo T.I., Shmeleva S.V.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.rfhealth.ru/jour/article/view/2014Введение

Введение. Распространённость табакокурения среди населения Российской Федерации остаётся высокой, вследствие чего актуален вопрос о борьбе с табакокурением.

Цель исследования — изучить структуру никотиновой зависимости и произошедшую за 12 лет динамику в процессе реализации программ борьбы с табакокурением взрослого населения.

Материалы и методы

Материалы и методы. В 2024 г. опрошено 626 курящих людей (428 мужчин и 198 женщин) в возрасте 16–79 лет (средний возраст — 33,3 ± 13,9 года). Из городских поселений было 511 (81,6%) человек, из сельской местности — 115 (18,4%). Использовались анкета с социальными показателями, информация о табакокурении, тест Фагерстрёма для определения никотиновой зависимости; шкала E.S. Souza и соавт. для выяснения мотивов табакокурения; тест В.Ф. Левшина на готовность к отказу от табакокурения. Математико-статистическая обработка включала описательную статистику и расчёт χ2-распределения.

Результаты

Результаты. В 2024 г. никотиновую зависимость имели почти 75% респондентов, чаще мужчины. Они значительно чаще курили сигареты без фильтра. Женщины, кроме обычных сигарет, чаще курили ещё электронные сигареты. За прошедшие 12 лет достоверно уменьшилось число курильщиков без симптомов никотиновой зависимости и с выраженной никотиновой зависимостью, но увеличилась их доля со слабой никотиновой зависимостью. Мужчины стали выкуривать меньшее число сигарет, а женщины, напротив, достоверно увеличили их количество. Увеличилась доля курильщиков, имеющих мотивацию к отказу от табакокурения.

Ограничения исследования

Ограничения исследования. В исследовании не учтены региональные особенности курящего населения.

Заключение

Заключение. Отмеченные обстоятельства должны учитываться при организации профилактических мероприятий с учётом региональных и гендерных особенностей табакокурения.

Соблюдение этических стандартов. Исследование одобрено этическим комитетом МГУ ТУ им. К.Г. Разумовского (протокол № 5 от 20.03.2025). Все участники дали информированное добровольное письменное согласие на участие в исследовании.

Участие авторов

Участие авторов: Голенков А.В. — концепция и дизайн исследования, сбор материалов, написание текста; Бонкало Т.И. — написание текста, статистическая обработка данных, редактирование; Шмелева С.В. — сбор материала, написание текста, редактирование, составление списка литературы. Все соавторы — утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.

Финансирование

Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.

Конфликт интересов

Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.

Поступила

Поступила: 21.03.2025 / Принята к печати: 24.06.2025 / Опубликована: 31.10.2025

Introduction

Introduction. The prevalence of tobacco smoking among the population of the Russian Federation remains high, as a result of which the issue of combating tobacco smoking remains relevant.

Purpose

Purpose. To study the structure of nicotine addiction and the trend that have occurred over twelve years over the process of implementing programs to combat tobacco smoking in the adult population.

Materials and methods

Materials and methods. In 2024, 626 smokers (428 men, 198 women) aged of 16 to 79 years (average — 33.3 ± 13.9 years) were surveyed. 511 people (81.6%) were from urban settlements, 115 (18.4%) — from rural areas. The following tests were used: a questionnaire with social indicators, information on tobacco smoking, Fagerström tests to determine nicotine addiction; scale of E.S. Souza et al. — motives for smoking; test of V.F. Levshin — on readiness to quit smoking. Mathematical and statistical processing included descriptive statistics and calculation of the distribution.

Results

Results. During 2024, almost 75% of respondents, more often men, had nicotine addiction. They smoked unfiltered cigarettes much more often. Women, in addition to regular cigarettes, also smoked electronic cigarettes more often. Over the past 12 years, the number of smokers without symptoms of nicotine addiction and with severe nicotine addiction has significantly decreased, but their share with weak nicotine addiction has increased. Men began to smoke fewer cigarettes, while women, on the contrary, significantly increased their number. The proportion of smokers motivated to quit smoking has increased.

Limitations of the study

Limitations of the study. The study takes into account the no regional characteristics of the smoking population.

Conclusion

Conclusion. The noted circumstances should be taken into account when managing preventive measures, taking into account the regional and gender characteristics of smoking.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Moscow State Technical University named after K.G. Razumovsky (Protocol No. 5 dated of March 20, 2025). All participants gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study.

Contribution of the authors: Golenkov A.V. — concept and design of the study, collection of materials, writing the text; Bonkalo T.I. — writing the text, statistical data processing, editing; Shmeleva S.V. — collection of materials, writing the text, editing, compiling the list of references. All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Funding

Funding. The study had no sponsorship support.

Conflict of interest

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no obvious or potential conflicts of interest in connection with the publication of this article.

Received

Received: March 21, 2025 / Accepted: June 24, 2025 / Published: October 31, 2025

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.