<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rfhealth</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Здравоохранение Российской Федерации</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Health care of the Russian Federation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0044-197X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0723</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0044-197X-2025-69-4-356-360</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">pwzyim</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rfhealth-1970</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СОЦИОЛОГИЯ МЕДИЦИНЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SOCIOLOGY OF MEDICINE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Распространённость социальной изоляции среди пациентов с возрастной макулярной дегенерацией</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Prevalence of social isolation among patients with age-related macular degeneration</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4821-3692</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Агарков</surname><given-names>Николай Михайлович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Agarkov</surname><given-names>Nikolay M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, профессор каф. биомедицинской инженерии, ФГБОУ ВО «Юго-Западный государственный университет» Минобрнауки России, 305040, Курск, Россия</p><p>e-mail: vitalaxen@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), Professor, Department of biomedical engineering, Southwest State University, Kursk, 305040, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: vitalaxen@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vitalaxen@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2010-8310</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попова</surname><given-names>Наталия Викторовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Popova</surname><given-names>Nataliya V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Врач-офтальмолог отделения лазерной хирургии Тамбовского филиала ФГАУ НМИЦ «МНТК «Микрохирургия глаза им. акад. С.Н. Федорова» Минздрава России, 392000, Тамбов, Россия</p><p>e-mail: mntk@mntk-tambov.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ophthalmologist, Laser surgery department, S.N. Fedorov Tambov National Medical Research Center «Eye Microsurgery», Tambov, 392000, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: mntk@mntk-tambov.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mntk@mntk-tambov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Юго-Западный государственный университет» Министерства науки и высшего образования России;&#13;
ФГАОУ ВО «Белгородский государственный национальный исследовательский университет» Министерства науки &#13;
и высшего образования России; Тамбовский филиал МНТК «Микрохирургия глаза имени академика С.Н. Федорова» Министерства здравоохранения России</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Soutwest State University; Belgorod State National Research University; S.N. Fedorov National Medical Research Center «Eye Microsurgery»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Тамбовский филиал МНТК «Микрохирургия глаза имени академика С.Н. Федорова» Министерства здравоохранения России</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>S.N. Fedorov National Medical Research Center «Eye Microsurgery»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>69</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>356</fpage><lpage>360</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Агарков Н.М., Попова Н.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Агарков Н.М., Попова Н.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Agarkov N.M., Popova N.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rfhealth.ru/jour/article/view/1970">https://www.rfhealth.ru/jour/article/view/1970</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Социальная изоляция изучается обычно при распространённых соматических заболеваниях: артериальной гипертензии, ишемической болезни сердца, ожирении, однако редко рассматривается среди пациентов с возрастным нарушением зрения и, в частности, с возрастной макулярной дегенерацией (ВМД).</p><p>Цель исследования — изучение распространённости социальной изоляции среди пациентов с ВМД.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В исследование включены 548 пациентов с ВМД с продолжительностью заболевания 2–4 года. Для сравнительной оценки социальной изоляции сформирована контрольная группа — 205 пациентов без ВМД. При выявлении синдрома социальной изоляции использовали модифицированную версию индекса социальной изоляции.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Распространённость социальной изоляции в целом составила 12,34 случая на 100 обследованных. При этом в возрастной группе 18–39 лет распространённость социальной изоляции составила 5,21 случая на 100 обследованных и была наименьшей, а в 70–79 лет наибольшей — 22,35 случая на 100 обследованных. При подсчёте индекса социальной изоляции установлено, что синдром социальной изоляции среди пациентов с ВМД протекает менее благоприятно, чем без неё, и нарушение зрения существеннее снижает коммуникативные действия пациентов.</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. Изучение распространённости социальной изоляции у пациентов только с ВМД, проведение исследования в одном областном регионе без сравнения с другими территориями.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Распространённость социальной изоляции среди пациентов с ВМД имеет выраженную зависимость от возраста обследованных и протекает менее благоприятно у пациентов с данной офтальмонозологией, чем при её отсутствии, что указывает на важность коррекции зрительного дефицита вследствие ВМД и расширения социальных контактов таких пациентов.</p><p>Соблюдение этических норм. Исследование одобрено комитетом по биомедицинской этике Тамбовского филиала ФГАУ «НМИЦ «МНТК «Микрохирургия глаза им. акад. С.Н. Федорова» Минздрава России (протокол № 148-э от 09.02.2022). Все участники дали информированное добровольное письменное согласие на участие в исследовании.</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов: Агарков Н.М. — разработка дизайна, редактирование статьи; Попова Н.В. — сбор данных, обработка данных, подготовка статьи. Все соавторы — утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила</title><p>Поступила: 12.10.2024 / Принята к печати: 19.02.2025 / Опубликована: 12.09.2025</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Social isolation is usually studied in common somatic diseases: arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, obesity, but is rarely considered among patients with age-related visual impairment and, in particular, with age-related macular degeneration.</p><p>The purpose of the research. To study the prevalence of social isolation among patients with age-related macular degeneration.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The study included five hundred forty eight patients suffered from age-related macular degeneration with a disease duration from 2 to 4 years. For a comparative assessment of social isolation, there was formed a control group included 205 patients without this ophthalmopathology. A modified version of the social exclusion index was used to identify the social exclusion syndrome.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The prevalence of social isolation in general was 12.34 cases per 100 surveyed patients. At the same time, in the age group of 18–39 years, the prevalence of social isolation was 5.21 cases per 100 surveyed and was the lowest, and in 70–79 years the highest — 22.35 cases per 100 surveyed patients. When calculating the social isolation index, it was found that the social isolation syndrome among patients with age-related macular degeneration proceeds less favorably than without it and visual impairment significantly reduces the communicative actions of patients.</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. To study the prevalence of social isolation in patients with age-related macular degeneration only, to conduct a study in one regional region without comparison with other territories.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The prevalence of social isolation among patients with age-related macular degeneration has a pronounced dependence on the age of the examined and proceeds less favorably in patients with this ophthalmology than in its absence, which indicates the importance of correcting visual deficits due to age-related macular degeneration and expanding social contacts of such patients.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the committee on Biomedical Ethics of the S.N. Fedorov National Medical Research Center "Eye Microsurgery", Tambov protocol no. 148-э, dated 09.02.2022. All participants gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study.</p><p>Contribution of the authors: Agarkov N.M. — design development, article editing; Popova N.V. — collection of data, data processing, preparation of an article. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Funding. The study had no sponsorship.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: October 12, 2024 / Accepted: February 19, 2025 / Published: September 12, 2025</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>возрастная макулярная дегенерация</kwd><kwd>социальная изоляция</kwd><kwd>распространённость</kwd><kwd>индекс социальной изоляции</kwd><kwd>пожилые</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>age-related macular degeneration</kwd><kwd>social isolation</kwd><kwd>prevalence</kwd><kwd>social isolation index</kwd><kwd>elderly</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Röhr S., Wittmann F., Engel C., Enzenbach C., Witte A.V., Villringer A., et al. Social factors and the prevalence of social isolation in a population-based adult cohort. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 2022; 57(10): 1959–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02174-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Röhr S., Wittmann F., Engel C., Enzenbach C., Witte A.V., Villringer A., et al. Social factors and the prevalence of social isolation in a population-based adult cohort. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 2022; 57(10): 1959–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02174-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holt-Lunstad J., Smith T.B., Baker M., Harris T., Stephenson D. Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 2015; 10(2): 227–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691614568352</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holt-Lunstad J., Smith T.B., Baker M., Harris T., Stephenson D. Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 2015; 10(2): 227–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691614568352</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cudjoe T.K.M., Roth D.L., Szanton S.L., Wolff J.L., Boyd C.M., Thorpe R.J. The epidemiology of social isolation: national health and aging trends study. J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci. 2020; 75(1): 107–13. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby037</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cudjoe T.K.M., Roth D.L., Szanton S.L., Wolff J.L., Boyd C.M., Thorpe R.J. The epidemiology of social isolation: national health and aging trends study. J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci. 2020; 75(1): 107–13. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby037</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Valtorta N.K., Kanaan M., Gilbody S., Ronzi S., Hanratty B. Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal observational studies. Heart. 2016; 102(13): 1009–16. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2015-308790</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Valtorta N.K., Kanaan M., Gilbody S., Ronzi S., Hanratty B. Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal observational studies. Heart. 2016; 102(13): 1009–16. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2015-308790</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Агарков Н.М., Яблоков М.М., Коняев Д.А., Попова Н.В. Когнитивные и тревожно-депрессивные нарушения у пациентов, страдающих возрастной макулярной дегенерацией и катарактой. Вестник Российской Военно-медицинской академии. 2021; 23(2): 83–90. https://doi.org/10.17816/brmma71307 https://elibrary.ru/xewwpy</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agarkov N.M., Yablokov M.M., Konyaev D.A., Popova N.V. Cognitive and anxiety-depressive disorders in patients suffering from age-related macular degeneration and cataracts. Vestnik Rossiiskoi Voenno-meditsinskoi akademii. 2021; 23(2): 83–90. https://doi.org/10.17816/brmma71307 https://elibrary.ru/xewwpy (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Агарков Н.М., Охотников О.И., Корнеева С.И., Москалёва Е.О., Москалёв А.А., Коломиец В.И. и др. Психологический континуум пожилых пациентов, страдающих артериальной гипертензией при метаболическом синдроме, на фоне хронотерапии фиксированной комбинацией амлодипина, лизино-прила и розувастатина. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2021; 26(2): 90–5. https://doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4312 https://elibrary.ru/dyydav</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agarkov N.M., Okhotnikov O.I., Korneeva S.I., Moskaleva E.O., Moskalev A.A., Kolomiets V.I., et al. Psychological continuum of elderly patients suffering from hypertension in metabolic syndrome, against the background of chronotherapy with a fixed combination of amlodipine, lisinopril and rosuvastatin. Rossiiskii kardiologicheskii zhurnal. 2021; 26(2): 90–5. https://doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4312 https://elibrary.ru/dyydav (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гурко Т.С., Агарков Н.М., Лев И.В., Коровин Е.Н., Леон Х.Ф. Особенности постуральных нарушений и связей с системой комплемента крови при синдроме падений у пожилых. Научные результаты биомедицинских исследований. 2022; 8(2): 259–67. https://doi.org/10.18413/2658-6533-2022-8-2-0-10 https://elibrary.ru/axmzbm</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gurko T.S., Agarkov N.M., Lev I.V., Korovin E.N., Leon G.F. Features of postural disorders and connections with the blood complement system in falls syndrome in the elderly. Nauchnye rezul’taty biomeditsinskikh issledovanii. 2022; 8(2): 259–67. https://doi.org/10.18413/2658-6533-2022-8-2-0-10 https://elibrary.ru/axmzbm (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ассоциация врачей-офтальмологов. Клинические рекомендации «Макулярная дегенерация возрастная». М.; 2021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Association of Ophthalmologists. Clinical recommendations "Age-related macular degeneration". Moscow; 2021. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hammig O. Health risks associated with social isolation in general and in young, middle and old age. PLoS One. 2019; 14(7): e0219663. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219663</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hammig O. Health risks associated with social isolation in general and in young, middle and old age. PLoS One. 2019; 14(7): e0219663. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219663</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eckhard J. Indicators of social isolation. A comparison based on survey data from Germany. Soc. Indic. Res. 2018; 139(3): 963–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1741-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eckhard J. Indicators of social isolation. A comparison based on survey data from Germany. Soc. Indic. Res. 2018; 139(3): 963–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1741-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holt-Lunstad J., Smith T.B., Baker M., Harris T., Stephenson D. Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 2015; 10(2): 227–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691614568352</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holt-Lunstad J., Smith T.B., Baker M., Harris T., Stephenson D. Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 2015; 10(2): 227–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691614568352</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Livingston G., Huntley J., Sommerlad A., Ames D., Ballard C., Banerjee S., et al. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission. Lancet. 2020; 396(10248): 413–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30367-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Livingston G., Huntley J., Sommerlad A., Ames D., Ballard C., Banerjee S., et al. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission. Lancet. 2020; 396(10248): 413–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30367-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cao G.Y., Chen Z.S., Yao S.S., Wang K., Huang Z.T., Su H.X., et al. The association between vision impairment and cognitive outcomes in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging Ment. Health. 2023; 27(2): 350–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2022.2077303</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cao G.Y., Chen Z.S., Yao S.S., Wang K., Huang Z.T., Su H.X., et al. The association between vision impairment and cognitive outcomes in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging Ment. Health. 2023; 27(2): 350–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2022.2077303</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chu H.Y., Chan H.S. Loneliness and social support among the middle-aged and elderly people with visual impairment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2022; 19(21): 14600. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114600</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chu H.Y., Chan H.S. Loneliness and social support among the middle-aged and elderly people with visual impairment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2022; 19(21): 14600. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114600</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gardiner C., Geldenhuys G., Gott M. Interventions to reduce social isolation and loneliness among older people: an integrative review. Health Soc. Care Community. 2018; 26(2): 147–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12367</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gardiner C., Geldenhuys G., Gott M. Interventions to reduce social isolation and loneliness among older people: an integrative review. Health Soc. Care Community. 2018; 26(2): 147–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12367</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cotterell N., Buffel T., Phillipson C. Preventing social isolation in older people. Maturitas. 2018; 113: 80–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.04.014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cotterell N., Buffel T., Phillipson C. Preventing social isolation in older people. Maturitas. 2018; 113: 80–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.04.014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yu B., Steptoe A., Niu K., Jia X. Social isolation and loneliness as risk factors for grip strength decline among older women and men in China. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 2020; 21(12): 1926–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2020.06.029</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yu B., Steptoe A., Niu K., Jia X. Social isolation and loneliness as risk factors for grip strength decline among older women and men in China. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 2020; 21(12): 1926–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2020.06.029</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zheng D.D., Swenor B.K., Christ S.L., West S.K., Lam B.L., Lee D.J. Longitudinal associations between visual impairment and cognitive functioning: the Salisbury eye evaluation study. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2018; 136(9): 989–95. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.2493</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zheng D.D., Swenor B.K., Christ S.L., West S.K., Lam B.L., Lee D.J. Longitudinal associations between visual impairment and cognitive functioning: the Salisbury eye evaluation study. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2018; 136(9): 989–95. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.2493</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tanner C.T., Yorgason J.B., Richardson S., Redelfs A.H., Serrao Hill M.M.Y., White A., et al. Sensory disabilities and social isolation among Hispanic older adults: toward culturally sensitive measurement of social isolation. J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci. 2022; 77(11): 2091–100. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbac001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tanner C.T., Yorgason J.B., Richardson S., Redelfs A.H., Serrao Hill M.M.Y., White A., et al. Sensory disabilities and social isolation among Hispanic older adults: toward culturally sensitive measurement of social isolation. J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci. 2022; 77(11): 2091–100. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbac001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
