rfhealthЗдравоохранение Российской ФедерацииHealth care of the Russian Federation0044-197X2412-0723Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman10.47470/0044-197X-2025-69-1-89-94sbzaqlrfhealth-1789Research ArticleЗДОРОВЬЕ ДЕТЕЙ И ПОДРОСТКОВCHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS’ HEALTHРоль питания в профилактике и лечении атопического дерматита (обзор литературы)The role of nutrition in the prevention and treatment of atopic dermatitis (literature review)https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8650-8803ЯцынаИрина ВасильевнаYatsynaIrina V.

Доктор мед. наук, профессор, зам. директора по научной работе ФБУН «ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора, 141014, Мытищи, Россия

e-mail: yacyna.iv@fncg.ru

MD, Professor, Deputy Director for scientific work, Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman, Mytishchi, 141014, Russian Federation

e-mail: yacyna.iv@fncg.ru

yacyna.iv@fncg.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0340-9314АстаховаИрина ВитальевнаAstakhovaIrina V.

Врач-дерматовенеролог ФБУН «ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора, 141014, Мытищи, Россия

e-mail: astahova.iv@fncg.ru

Dermatovenerologist, Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman, Mytishchi, 141014, Russian Federation

e-mail: astahova.iv@fncg.ru

astahova.iv@fncg.ruФБУН «Федеральный научный центр гигиены имени Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человекаРоссияFederal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. ErismanRussian Federation2025260220256918994Copyright © Яцына И.В., Астахова И.В., 20252025Яцына И.В., Астахова И.В.Yatsyna I.V., Astakhova I.V.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.rfhealth.ru/jour/article/view/1789

Атопический дерматит (АтД) — это мультифакторное хроническое воспалительное заболевание кожи, широко распространённое среди детей и взрослых. Заболевание характеризуется зудом, рецидивирующим течением и связано с другими аллергическими состояниями, такими как пищевая аллергия и астма, что формирует концепцию «атопического марша». Генетические мутации влияют на барьерную функцию кожи, создавая условия для проникновения аллергенов и развития воспаления. Экологические факторы, включая загрязнение воздуха, питание и микробиоту, также играют значимую роль в этиологии и патогенезе АтД. Питание в младенчестве и детском возрасте является ключевым фактором, влияющим на рост и развитие в детстве, способствующим здоровью и профилактике заболеваний на протяжении всей жизни. Грудное вскармливание и разнообразие диеты матери могут влиять на риск развития АтД у детей. Потребление определённых продуктов во время беременности и особенности введения прикорма могут способствовать развитию или снижению риска аллергии у ребёнка. Микробиота кишечника играет важную роль в модуляции иммунных ответов и толерантности к пищевым аллергенам.

Цель обзора — анализ литературы об особенностях превентивной диеты беременных, кормящих матерей и детей в семьях с отягощённым наследственным анамнезом по АтД. Использованы базы данных Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Global Health, РИНЦ.

Обзор подчёркивает необходимость дальнейших исследований, направленных на выявление влияния питания в ранние периоды жизни на риск аллергических заболеваний. В статье обсуждаются текущие подходы к профилактике и лечению АтД, включая использование пробиотиков, разнообразие питания и поддержку грудного вскармливания как значимых стратегий для снижения риска АтД и аллергических заболеваний у детей.

Участие авторов

Участие авторов: Яцына И.В. — концепция и дизайн исследования, написание текста, редактирование; Астахова И.В. — сбор и обработка материала, написание текста. Все соавторы — утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.

Финансирование

Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.

Конфликт интересов

Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.

Поступила

Поступила: 05.11.2024 / Принята к печати: 11.12.2024 / Опубликована: 28.02.2025

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory skin disease with a high prevalence in children and adults. The disease characterized by pruritus, recurrent course is associated with other allergic conditions such as food allergies and asthma, forming the concept of “atopic march”. Genetic mutations affect the barrier function of the skin, creating conditions for allergens to penetrate and inflammation to develop. Environmental factors, including air pollution, nutrition, and microbiota, also play a significant role in the etiology and pathogenesis of AD.

Nutrition during infancy and childhood is a key factor influencing growth and development in childhood, contributing to health and disease prevention throughout life. Breastfeeding and the diversity of the mother’s diet may influence the risk of AD in children. The consumption of certain foods during pregnancy and the specifics of complementary feeding may contribute to the development or decrease the risk of allergy in the child. The gut microbiota plays an important role in modulating immune responses and tolerance to food allergens.

Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Global Health and RISC databases were used to create this review article. The article analyzes the literature on the peculiarities of the preventive diet in pregnant women, nursing mothers, and children in families with an aggravated hereditary history of atopic dermatitis. The review emphasizes the need for further research to identify the influence of early life nutrition on the risk of allergic diseases. The article discusses current approaches to the prevention and treatment of AD, including the use of probiotics, dietary diversity, and breastfeeding support as meaningful strategies to reduce the risk of AD and allergic diseases in children.

Contribution of the authors: Yatsyna I.V. — research concept and design, writing the text, editing; Astakhova I.V. — collection and processing of material, writing the text. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Acknowledgment

Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.

Conflict of interest

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Received

Received: November 5, 2024 / Accepted: December 11, 2024 / Published: February 28, 2025

атопический дерматитпревентивная медицинапрофилактикапитаниеаллергияобзорatopic dermatitispreventive medicinepreventionnutritionallergyreviewReferencesКлинические рекомендации: Атопический дерматит. М.; 2021–2023.Clinical recommendations: Atopic dermatitis. Moscow; 2021–2023. (in Russian)Wollenberg A., Barbarot S., Bieber T., Christen-Zaech S., Deleuran M., Fink-Wagner A., et al. Consensus-based European guidelines for treatment of atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis) in adults and children: part I. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2018; 32(5): 657–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.14891Wollenberg A., Barbarot S., Bieber T., Christen-Zaech S., Deleuran M., Fink-Wagner A., et al. Consensus-based European guidelines for treatment of atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis) in adults and children: part I. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2018; 32(5): 657–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.14891Мачарадзе Д.Ш., Рассанова Е.А., Руженцова Т.А., Галанина А.В., Малышев В.С. Роль неспецифических факторов риска при атопическом дерматите. Аллергология и иммунология в педиатрии. 2024; (1): 5–11. https://doi.org/10.53529/2500-1175-2024-1-5-11 https://elibrary.ru/rtfhglMacharadze D.Sh., Rassanova E.A., Ruzhentsova T.A., Galanina A.V., Malyshev V.S. Role of nonspecific risk factors in atopic dermatitis. Allergologiya i immunologiya v pediatrii. 2024; (1): 5–11. https://doi.org/10.53529/2500-1175-2024-1-5-11 https://elibrary.ru/rtfhgl (in Russian)Жадан И.Ю., Яцына И.В., Красавина Е.К., Бешлый Я.В. Влияние вредных факторов окружающей среды на дерматологическое здоровье населения. Здравоохранение Российской Федерации. 2021; 65(4): 342–6. https://doi.org/10.47470/0044-197X-2021-65-4-342-346 https://elibrary.ru/klrklvZhadan I.Yu., Yatsyna I.V., Krasavina E.K., Beshlyy Ya.V. The influence of harmful environmental factors on the dermatological health of the population. Zdravookhranenie Rossiiskoi Federatsii. 2021; 65(4): 342–6. https://doi.org/10.47470/0044-197X-2021-65-4-342-346 https://elibrary.ru/klrklv (in Russian)Sroka-Tomaszewska J., Trzeciak M. Molecular mechanisms of atopic dermatitis pathogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021; 22(8): 4130. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22084130Sroka-Tomaszewska J., Trzeciak M. Molecular mechanisms of atopic dermatitis pathogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021; 22(8): 4130. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22084130Mandlik D.S., Mandlik S.K. Atopic dermatitis: new insight into the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and novel treatment strategies. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 2021; 43(2): 105–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923973.2021.1889583Mandlik D.S., Mandlik S.K. Atopic dermatitis: new insight into the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and novel treatment strategies. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 2021; 43(2): 105–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923973.2021.1889583Strange P., Skov L., Lisby S., Nielsen P.L., Baadsgaard O. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B applied on intact normal and intact atopic skin induces dermatitis. Arch. Dermatol. 1996; 132(1): 27–33.Strange P., Skov L., Lisby S., Nielsen P.L., Baadsgaard O. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B applied on intact normal and intact atopic skin induces dermatitis. Arch. Dermatol. 1996; 132(1): 27–33.Brough H.A., Simpson A., Makinson K., Hankinson J., Brown S., Douiri A., et al. Peanut allergy: effect of environmental peanut exposure in children with filaggrin loss-of-function mutations. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2014; 134(4): 867–75.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2014.08.011Brough H.A., Simpson A., Makinson K., Hankinson J., Brown S., Douiri A., et al. Peanut allergy: effect of environmental peanut exposure in children with filaggrin loss-of-function mutations. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2014; 134(4): 867–75.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2014.08.011Eigenmann P.A., Sicherer S.H., Borkowski T.A., Cohen B.A., Sampson H.A. Prevalence of IgE-mediated food allergy among children with atopic dermatitis. Pediatrics. 1998; 101(3): E8. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.101.3.e8Eigenmann P.A., Sicherer S.H., Borkowski T.A., Cohen B.A., Sampson H.A. Prevalence of IgE-mediated food allergy among children with atopic dermatitis. Pediatrics. 1998; 101(3): E8. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.101.3.e8Burbank A.J., Burks A.W. Natural history of allergic sensitization in infants with early-onset atopic dermatitis: Results from ORCA study. Pediatrics. 2015; 136(6): S331. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-2776SBurbank A.J., Burks A.W. Natural history of allergic sensitization in infants with early-onset atopic dermatitis: Results from ORCA study. Pediatrics. 2015; 136(6): S331. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-2776SLack G., Fox D., Northstone K., Golding J. Factors associated with the development of peanut allergy in childhood. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003; 348(11): 977–85. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa013536Lack G., Fox D., Northstone K., Golding J. Factors associated with the development of peanut allergy in childhood. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003; 348(11): 977–85. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa013536Roduit C., Frei R., Depner M., Karvonen A.M., Renz H., Braun-Fahrländer C., et al. Phenotypes of atopic dermatitis depending on the timing of onset and progression in childhood. JAMA Pediatr. 2017; 171(7): 655–62. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.0556Roduit C., Frei R., Depner M., Karvonen A.M., Renz H., Braun-Fahrländer C., et al. Phenotypes of atopic dermatitis depending on the timing of onset and progression in childhood. JAMA Pediatr. 2017; 171(7): 655–62. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.0556Flohr C., Perkin M., Logan K., Marrs T., Radulovic S., Campbell L.E., et al. Atopic dermatitis and disease severity are the main risk factors for food sensitization in exclusively breastfed infants. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2014; 134(2): 345–50. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2013.298Flohr C., Perkin M., Logan K., Marrs T., Radulovic S., Campbell L.E., et al. Atopic dermatitis and disease severity are the main risk factors for food sensitization in exclusively breastfed infants. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2014; 134(2): 345–50. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2013.298Sicherer S.H., Sampson H.A. Food hypersensitivity and atopic dermatitis: pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1999; 104(3 Pt 2): S114–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0091-6749(99)70053-9Sicherer S.H., Sampson H.A. Food hypersensitivity and atopic dermatitis: pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1999; 104(3 Pt 2): S114–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0091-6749(99)70053-9Martin P.E., Eckert J.K., Koplin J.J., Lowe A.J., Gurrin L.C., Dharmage S.C., et al. Which infants with eczema are at risk of food allergy? Results from a population-based cohort. Clin. Exp. Allergy. 2015; 45(1): 255–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.12406Martin P.E., Eckert J.K., Koplin J.J., Lowe A.J., Gurrin L.C., Dharmage S.C., et al. Which infants with eczema are at risk of food allergy? Results from a population-based cohort. Clin. Exp. Allergy. 2015; 45(1): 255–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.12406Trikamjee T., Comberiati P., D’Auria E., Peroni D., Zuccotti G.V. Nutritional factors in the prevention of atopic dermatitis in children. Front. Pediatr. 2021; 8: 577413. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2020.577413Trikamjee T., Comberiati P., D’Auria E., Peroni D., Zuccotti G.V. Nutritional factors in the prevention of atopic dermatitis in children. Front. Pediatr. 2021; 8: 577413. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2020.577413Zhang P. The role of diet and nutrition in allergic diseases. Nutrients. 2023; 15(17): 3683. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173683Zhang P. The role of diet and nutrition in allergic diseases. Nutrients. 2023; 15(17): 3683. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173683Acevedo N., Alashkar Alhamwe B., Caraballo L., Ding M., Ferrante A., Garn H., et al. Perinatal and early-life nutrition, epigenetics, and allergy. Nutrients. 2021; 13(3): 724. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030724Acevedo N., Alashkar Alhamwe B., Caraballo L., Ding M., Ferrante A., Garn H., et al. Perinatal and early-life nutrition, epigenetics, and allergy. Nutrients. 2021; 13(3): 724. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030724Willers S.M., Devereux G., Craig L.C., McNeill G., Wijga A.H., Abou El-Magd W., et al. Maternal food consumption during pregnancy and asthma, respiratory and atopic symptoms in 5-year-old children. Thorax. 2007; 62(9): 773–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2006.074187Willers S.M., Devereux G., Craig L.C., McNeill G., Wijga A.H., Abou El-Magd W., et al. Maternal food consumption during pregnancy and asthma, respiratory and atopic symptoms in 5-year-old children. Thorax. 2007; 62(9): 773–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2006.074187Dunstan J.A., Mori T.A., Barden A., Beilin L.J., Taylor A.L., Holt P.G., et al. Fish oil supplementation in pregnancy modifies neonatal allergen-specific immune responses and clinical outcomes in infants at high risk of atopy: a randomized, controlled trial. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2003; 112(6): 1178–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2003.09.009Dunstan J.A., Mori T.A., Barden A., Beilin L.J., Taylor A.L., Holt P.G., et al. Fish oil supplementation in pregnancy modifies neonatal allergen-specific immune responses and clinical outcomes in infants at high risk of atopy: a randomized, controlled trial. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2003; 112(6): 1178–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2003.09.009Loo E.X.L., Ong L., Goh A., Chia A.R., Teoh O.H., Colega M.T., et al. Effect of maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy on self-reported allergic diseases in the first 3 years of life: results from the GUSTO study. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 2017; 173(2): 105–13. https://doi.org/10.1159/000475497Loo E.X.L., Ong L., Goh A., Chia A.R., Teoh O.H., Colega M.T., et al. Effect of maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy on self-reported allergic diseases in the first 3 years of life: results from the GUSTO study. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 2017; 173(2): 105–13. https://doi.org/10.1159/000475497Venter C., Greenhawt M., Meyer R.W., Agostoni C., Reese I., du Toit G., et al. EAACI position paper on diet diversity in pregnancy, infancy and childhood: Novel concepts and implications for studies in allergy and asthma. Allergy. 2020; 75(3): 497–523. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14051Venter C., Greenhawt M., Meyer R.W., Agostoni C., Reese I., du Toit G., et al. EAACI position paper on diet diversity in pregnancy, infancy and childhood: Novel concepts and implications for studies in allergy and asthma. Allergy. 2020; 75(3): 497–523. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14051Baïz N., Just J., Chastang J., Forhan A., de Lauzon-Guillain B., Magnier A.M., et al. Maternal diet before and during pregnancy and risk of asthma and allergic rhinitis in children. Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol. 2019; 15: 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13223-019-0353-2Baïz N., Just J., Chastang J., Forhan A., de Lauzon-Guillain B., Magnier A.M., et al. Maternal diet before and during pregnancy and risk of asthma and allergic rhinitis in children. Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol. 2019; 15: 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13223-019-0353-2Venter C., Palumbo M.P., Glueck D.H., Sauder K.A., O’Mahony L., Fleischer D.M., et al. The maternal diet index in pregnancy is associated with offspring allergic diseases: the Healthy Start study. Allergy. 2022; 77(1): 162–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14949Venter C., Palumbo M.P., Glueck D.H., Sauder K.A., O’Mahony L., Fleischer D.M., et al. The maternal diet index in pregnancy is associated with offspring allergic diseases: the Healthy Start study. Allergy. 2022; 77(1): 162–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14949Zhang P. The role of diet and nutrition in allergic diseases. Nutrients. 2023; 15(17): 3683. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173683Zhang P. The role of diet and nutrition in allergic diseases. Nutrients. 2023; 15(17): 3683. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173683Weidinger S., Novak N. Atopic dermatitis. Lancet. 2016; 387(10023): 1109–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00149-XWeidinger S., Novak N. Atopic dermatitis. Lancet. 2016; 387(10023): 1109–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00149-XJulia V., Macia L., Dombrowicz D. The impact of diet on asthma and allergic diseases. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2015; 15(5): 308–22. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3830Julia V., Macia L., Dombrowicz D. The impact of diet on asthma and allergic diseases. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2015; 15(5): 308–22. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3830Lin Y.P., Kao Y.C., Pan W.H., Yang Y.H., Chen Y.C., Lee Y.L. Associations between respiratory diseases and dietary patterns derived by factor analysis and reduced rank regression. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 2016; 68(4): 306–14. https://doi.org/10.1159/000447367Lin Y.P., Kao Y.C., Pan W.H., Yang Y.H., Chen Y.C., Lee Y.L. Associations between respiratory diseases and dietary patterns derived by factor analysis and reduced rank regression. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 2016; 68(4): 306–14. https://doi.org/10.1159/000447367Miyake Y., Sasaki S., Tanaka K., Hirota Y. Dairy food, calcium and vitamin D intake in pregnancy, and wheeze and eczema in infants. Eur. Respir. J. 2010; 35(6): 1228–34. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00100609Miyake Y., Sasaki S., Tanaka K., Hirota Y. Dairy food, calcium and vitamin D intake in pregnancy, and wheeze and eczema in infants. Eur. Respir. J. 2010; 35(6): 1228–34. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00100609Kuzume K., Kusu M. Before-birth climatologic data may play a role in the development of allergies in infants. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2007; 18(4): 281–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2006.00526.xKuzume K., Kusu M. Before-birth climatologic data may play a role in the development of allergies in infants. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2007; 18(4): 281–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2006.00526.xWei Z., Zhang J., Yu X. Maternal vitamin D status and childhood asthma, wheeze, and eczema: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2016; 27(6): 612–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.12593Wei Z., Zhang J., Yu X. Maternal vitamin D status and childhood asthma, wheeze, and eczema: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2016; 27(6): 612–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.12593Pacheco-González R.M., García-Marcos L., Morales E. Prenatal vitamin D status and respiratory and allergic outcomes in childhood: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2018; 29(3): 243–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.12876Pacheco-González R.M., García-Marcos L., Morales E. Prenatal vitamin D status and respiratory and allergic outcomes in childhood: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2018; 29(3): 243–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.12876Cuello-Garcia C.A., Brożek J.L., Fiocchi A., Pawankar R., Yepes-Nuñez J.J., Terracciano L., et al. Probiotics for the prevention of allergy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2015; 136(4): 952–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.031Cuello-Garcia C.A., Brożek J.L., Fiocchi A., Pawankar R., Yepes-Nuñez J.J., Terracciano L., et al. Probiotics for the prevention of allergy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2015; 136(4): 952–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.031Boyle R.J., Ismail I.H., Kivivuori S., Licciardi P.V., Robins-Browne R.M., Mah L.J., et al. Lactobacillus GG treatment during pregnancy for the prevention of eczema: a randomized controlled trial. Allergy. 2011; 66(4): 509–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02507.xBoyle R.J., Ismail I.H., Kivivuori S., Licciardi P.V., Robins-Browne R.M., Mah L.J., et al. Lactobacillus GG treatment during pregnancy for the prevention of eczema: a randomized controlled trial. Allergy. 2011; 66(4): 509–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02507.xChu D.K., Koplin J.J., Ahmed T., Islam N., Chang C.L., Lowe A.J. How to prevent atopic dermatitis (eczema) in 2024: theory and evidence. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract. 2024; 12(7): 1695–704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2024.04.048Chu D.K., Koplin J.J., Ahmed T., Islam N., Chang C.L., Lowe A.J. How to prevent atopic dermatitis (eczema) in 2024: theory and evidence. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract. 2024; 12(7): 1695–704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2024.04.048Kim J.H. Role of breast-feeding in the development of atopic dermatitis in early childhood. Allergy Asthma Immunol. Res. 2017; 9(4): 285–7. https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2017.9.4.285Kim J.H. Role of breast-feeding in the development of atopic dermatitis in early childhood. Allergy Asthma Immunol. Res. 2017; 9(4): 285–7. https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2017.9.4.285Jiang S., Cai M., Li D., Chen X., Chen X., Huang Q., et al. Association of breast milk-derived arachidonic acid-induced infant gut dysbiosis with the onset of atopic dermatitis. Gut. 2024; 74(1): 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2024-332407Jiang S., Cai M., Li D., Chen X., Chen X., Huang Q., et al. Association of breast milk-derived arachidonic acid-induced infant gut dysbiosis with the onset of atopic dermatitis. Gut. 2024; 74(1): 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2024-332407Stephan Y., Müller H.H., Kühnert M., Meinhold-Heerlein I., Ibrahimi G., Reitz M., et al. The effect of early skin-to-skin contact after cesarean section on breastfeeding duration and development of atopic-allergic diseases. Eur. J. Midwifery. 2024; 8. https://doi.org/10.18332/ejm/176213Stephan Y., Müller H.H., Kühnert M., Meinhold-Heerlein I., Ibrahimi G., Reitz M., et al. The effect of early skin-to-skin contact after cesarean section on breastfeeding duration and development of atopic-allergic diseases. Eur. J. Midwifery. 2024; 8. https://doi.org/10.18332/ejm/176213Luo M., Su H.C., Lin J.E., Zhu C.H., Lin L.H., Han Y. A retrospective analysis of risk factors for atopic dermatitis severity. Dermatitis. 2024; 35(S1): S81–90. https://doi.org/10.1089/derm.2023.0037Luo M., Su H.C., Lin J.E., Zhu C.H., Lin L.H., Han Y. A retrospective analysis of risk factors for atopic dermatitis severity. Dermatitis. 2024; 35(S1): S81–90. https://doi.org/10.1089/derm.2023.0037Kull I., Böhme M., Wahlgren C.F., Nordvall L., Pershagen G., Wickman M. Breast-feeding reduces the risk for childhood eczema. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2005; 116(3): 657–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2005.04.028Kull I., Böhme M., Wahlgren C.F., Nordvall L., Pershagen G., Wickman M. Breast-feeding reduces the risk for childhood eczema. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2005; 116(3): 657–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2005.04.028Gdalevich M., Mimouni D., David M., Mimouni M. Breast-feeding and the onset of atopic dermatitis in childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2001; 45(4): 520–7. https://doi.org/10.1067/mjd.2001.114741Gdalevich M., Mimouni D., David M., Mimouni M. Breast-feeding and the onset of atopic dermatitis in childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2001; 45(4): 520–7. https://doi.org/10.1067/mjd.2001.114741Yang Y.W., Tsai C.L., Lu C.Y. Exclusive breastfeeding and incident atopic dermatitis in childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Br. J. Dermatol. 2009; 161(2): 373–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09049.xYang Y.W., Tsai C.L., Lu C.Y. Exclusive breastfeeding and incident atopic dermatitis in childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Br. J. Dermatol. 2009; 161(2): 373–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09049.xLodge C.J., Tan D.J., Lau M.X., Dai X., Tham R., Lowe A.J., et al. Breastfeeding and asthma and allergies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Paediatr. 2015; 104(467): 38–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.13132Lodge C.J., Tan D.J., Lau M.X., Dai X., Tham R., Lowe A.J., et al. Breastfeeding and asthma and allergies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Paediatr. 2015; 104(467): 38–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.13132Kramer M.S., Chalmers B., Hodnett E.D., Sevkovskaya Z., Dzikovich I., Shapiro S., et al. Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial (PROBIT): a randomized trial in the Republic of Belarus. JAMA. 2001; 285(4): 413–20. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.4.413Kramer M.S., Chalmers B., Hodnett E.D., Sevkovskaya Z., Dzikovich I., Shapiro S., et al. Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial (PROBIT): a randomized trial in the Republic of Belarus. JAMA. 2001; 285(4): 413–20. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.4.413Muraro A., Halken S., Arshad S.H., Beyer K., Dubois A.E., Du Toit G., et al. EAACI food allergy and anaphylaxis guidelines. Primary prevention of food allergy. Allergy. 2014; 69(5): 590–601. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12398Muraro A., Halken S., Arshad S.H., Beyer K., Dubois A.E., Du Toit G., et al. EAACI food allergy and anaphylaxis guidelines. Primary prevention of food allergy. Allergy. 2014; 69(5): 590–601. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12398Fleischer D.M., Spergel J.M., Assa’ad A.H., Pongracic J.A. Primary prevention of allergic disease through nutritional interventions. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract. 2013; 1(1): 29–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2012.09.003Fleischer D.M., Spergel J.M., Assa’ad A.H., Pongracic J.A. Primary prevention of allergic disease through nutritional interventions. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract. 2013; 1(1): 29–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2012.09.003Neville M.C., Anderson S.M., McManaman J.L., Badger T.M., Bunik M., Contractor N., et al. Lactation and neonatal nutrition: defining and refining the critical questions. J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia. 2012; 17(2): 167–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10911-012-9261-5Neville M.C., Anderson S.M., McManaman J.L., Badger T.M., Bunik M., Contractor N., et al. Lactation and neonatal nutrition: defining and refining the critical questions. J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia. 2012; 17(2): 167–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10911-012-9261-5Munblit D., Treneva M., Peroni D.G., Colicino S., Chow L.Y., Dissanayeke S., et al. Immune components in human milk are associated with early infant immunological health outcomes: a prospective three-country analysis. Nutrients. 2017; 9(6): 532. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9060532Munblit D., Treneva M., Peroni D.G., Colicino S., Chow L.Y., Dissanayeke S., et al. Immune components in human milk are associated with early infant immunological health outcomes: a prospective three-country analysis. Nutrients. 2017; 9(6): 532. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9060532Munblit D., Treneva M., Peroni D.G., Colicino S., Chow L., Dissanayeke S., et al. Colostrum and mature human milk of women from London, Moscow, and Verona: determinants of immune composition. Nutrients. 2016; 8(11): 695. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8110695Munblit D., Treneva M., Peroni D.G., Colicino S., Chow L., Dissanayeke S., et al. Colostrum and mature human milk of women from London, Moscow, and Verona: determinants of immune composition. Nutrients. 2016; 8(11): 695. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8110695Minniti F., Comberiati P., Munblit D., Piacentini G.L., Antoniazzi E., Zanoni L., et al. Breast-milk characteristics protecting against allergy. Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2014; 14(1): 9–15. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871530314666140121145045Minniti F., Comberiati P., Munblit D., Piacentini G.L., Antoniazzi E., Zanoni L., et al. Breast-milk characteristics protecting against allergy. Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2014; 14(1): 9–15. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871530314666140121145045Masi A.C., Stewart C.J. Role of breastfeeding in disease prevention. Microb. Biotechnol. 2024; 17(7): e14520. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.14520Masi A.C., Stewart C.J. Role of breastfeeding in disease prevention. Microb. Biotechnol. 2024; 17(7): e14520. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.14520Rajani P.S., Martin H., Groetch M., Järvinen K.M. Presentation and management of food allergy in breastfed infants and risks of maternal elimination diets. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract. 2020; 8(1): 52–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2019.11.007Rajani P.S., Martin H., Groetch M., Järvinen K.M. Presentation and management of food allergy in breastfed infants and risks of maternal elimination diets. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract. 2020; 8(1): 52–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2019.11.007Gelsomino M., Liotti L., Barni S., Mori F., Giovannini M., Mastrorilli C., et al. Elimination diets in lactating mothers of infants with food allergy. Nutrients. 2024; 16(14): 2317. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142317Gelsomino M., Liotti L., Barni S., Mori F., Giovannini M., Mastrorilli C., et al. Elimination diets in lactating mothers of infants with food allergy. Nutrients. 2024; 16(14): 2317. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142317Osborn D.A., Sinn J.K., Jones L.J. Infant formulas containing hydrolysed protein for prevention of allergic disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2018; 10(10): CD003664. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003664.pub6Osborn D.A., Sinn J.K., Jones L.J. Infant formulas containing hydrolysed protein for prevention of allergic disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2018; 10(10): CD003664. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003664.pub6Davisse-Paturet C., Raherison C., Adel-Patient K., Divaret-Chauveau A., Bois C., Dufourg M.N., et al. Use of partially hydrolysed formula in infancy and incidence of eczema, respiratory symptoms or food allergies in toddlers from the ELFE cohort. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2019; 30(6): 614–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.13094Davisse-Paturet C., Raherison C., Adel-Patient K., Divaret-Chauveau A., Bois C., Dufourg M.N., et al. Use of partially hydrolysed formula in infancy and incidence of eczema, respiratory symptoms or food allergies in toddlers from the ELFE cohort. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2019; 30(6): 614–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.13094Khan A., Adalsteinsson J., Whitaker-Worth D.L. Atopic dermatitis and nutrition. Clin. Dermatol. 2022; 40(2): 135–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2021.10.006Khan A., Adalsteinsson J., Whitaker-Worth D.L. Atopic dermatitis and nutrition. Clin. Dermatol. 2022; 40(2): 135–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2021.10.006Abrams E.M., Orkin J., Cummings C., Blair B., Chan E.S. Dietary exposures and allergy prevention in high-risk infants. Paediatr. Child Health. 2021; 26(8): 504–5. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxab064Abrams E.M., Orkin J., Cummings C., Blair B., Chan E.S. Dietary exposures and allergy prevention in high-risk infants. Paediatr. Child Health. 2021; 26(8): 504–5. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxab064Turati F., Bertuccio P., Galeone C., Pelucchi C., Naldi L., Bach J.F., et al. Early weaning is beneficial to prevent atopic dermatitis occurrence in young children. Allergy. 2016; 71(6): 878–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12864Turati F., Bertuccio P., Galeone C., Pelucchi C., Naldi L., Bach J.F., et al. Early weaning is beneficial to prevent atopic dermatitis occurrence in young children. Allergy. 2016; 71(6): 878–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12864Chatenoud L., Bertuccio P., Turati F., Galeone C., Naldi L., Chatenoud L., et al. Markers of microbial exposure lower the incidence of atopic dermatitis. Allergy. 2020; 75(1): 104–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13990Chatenoud L., Bertuccio P., Turati F., Galeone C., Naldi L., Chatenoud L., et al. Markers of microbial exposure lower the incidence of atopic dermatitis. Allergy. 2020; 75(1): 104–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13990Flohr C., Nagel G., Weinmayr G., Kleiner A., Strachan D.P., Williams H.C. Lack of evidence for a protective effect of prolonged breastfeeding on childhood eczema: lessons from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) phase two. Br. J. Dermatol. 2011; 165(6): 1280–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10588.xFlohr C., Nagel G., Weinmayr G., Kleiner A., Strachan D.P., Williams H.C. Lack of evidence for a protective effect of prolonged breastfeeding on childhood eczema: lessons from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) phase two. Br. J. Dermatol. 2011; 165(6): 1280–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10588.xObbagy J.E., English L.K., Wong Y.P., Butte N.F., Dewey K.G., Fleischer D.M., et al. Complementary feeding and food allergy, atopic dermatitis/eczema, asthma, and allergic rhinitis: a systematic review. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2019; 109(Suppl. 7): 890S–934S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy220Obbagy J.E., English L.K., Wong Y.P., Butte N.F., Dewey K.G., Fleischer D.M., et al. Complementary feeding and food allergy, atopic dermatitis/eczema, asthma, and allergic rhinitis: a systematic review. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2019; 109(Suppl. 7): 890S–934S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy220Savage J.H., Lee-Sarwar K.A., Sordillo J.E., Lange N.E., Zhou Y., O’Connor G.T., et al. Diet during pregnancy and infancy and the infant intestinal microbiome. J. Pediatr. 2018; 203: 47–54.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.07.066Savage J.H., Lee-Sarwar K.A., Sordillo J.E., Lange N.E., Zhou Y., O’Connor G.T., et al. Diet during pregnancy and infancy and the infant intestinal microbiome. J. Pediatr. 2018; 203: 47–54.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.07.066Bisgaard H., Li N., Bonnelykke K., Chawes B.L., Skov T., Paludan-Müller G., et al. Reduced diversity of the intestinal microbiota during infancy is associated with increased risk of allergic disease at school age. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2011; 128(3): 646–52.e1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2011.04.060Bisgaard H., Li N., Bonnelykke K., Chawes B.L., Skov T., Paludan-Müller G., et al. Reduced diversity of the intestinal microbiota during infancy is associated with increased risk of allergic disease at school age. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2011; 128(3): 646–52.e1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2011.04.060Simonyté Sjödin K., Hammarström M.L., Rydén P., Sjödin A., Hernell O., Engstrand L., et al. Temporal and long-term gut microbiota variation in allergic disease: A prospective study from infancy to school age. Allergy. 2019; 74(1): 176–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13485Simonyté Sjödin K., Hammarström M.L., Rydén P., Sjödin A., Hernell O., Engstrand L., et al. Temporal and long-term gut microbiota variation in allergic disease: A prospective study from infancy to school age. Allergy. 2019; 74(1): 176–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13485Venter C., Brown K.R., Maslin K., Palmer D.J. Maternal dietary intake in pregnancy and lactation and allergic disease outcomes in offspring. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2017; 28(2): 135–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.12682Venter C., Brown K.R., Maslin K., Palmer D.J. Maternal dietary intake in pregnancy and lactation and allergic disease outcomes in offspring. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2017; 28(2): 135–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.12682Garcia-Larsen V., Ierodiakonou D., Jarrold K., Cunha S., Chivinge J., Robinson Z., et al. Diet during pregnancy and infancy and risk of allergic or autoimmune disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2018; 15(2): e1002507. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002507Garcia-Larsen V., Ierodiakonou D., Jarrold K., Cunha S., Chivinge J., Robinson Z., et al. Diet during pregnancy and infancy and risk of allergic or autoimmune disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2018; 15(2): e1002507. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002507Trompette A., Pernot J., Perdijk O., Alqahtani R.A.A., Domingo J.S., Camacho-Muñoz D., et al. Gut-derived short-chain fatty acids modulate skin barrier integrity by promoting keratinocyte metabolism and differentiation. Mucosal. Immunol. 2022; 15(5): 908–26. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41385-022-00524-9Trompette A., Pernot J., Perdijk O., Alqahtani R.A.A., Domingo J.S., Camacho-Muñoz D., et al. Gut-derived short-chain fatty acids modulate skin barrier integrity by promoting keratinocyte metabolism and differentiation. Mucosal. Immunol. 2022; 15(5): 908–26. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41385-022-00524-9Du Toit G., Katz Y., Sasieni P., Mesher D., Maleki S.J., Fisher H.R., et al. Early consumption of peanuts in infancy is associated with a low prevalence of peanut allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2008; 122(5): 984–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2008.08.039Du Toit G., Katz Y., Sasieni P., Mesher D., Maleki S.J., Fisher H.R., et al. Early consumption of peanuts in infancy is associated with a low prevalence of peanut allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2008; 122(5): 984–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2008.08.039Perkin M.R., Logan K., Marrs T., Radulovic S., Craven J., Flohr C., et al. Enquiring About Tolerance (EAT) study: Feasibility of an early allergenic food introduction regimen. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2016; 137(5): 1477–86.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1322Perkin M.R., Logan K., Marrs T., Radulovic S., Craven J., Flohr C., et al. Enquiring About Tolerance (EAT) study: Feasibility of an early allergenic food introduction regimen. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2016; 137(5): 1477–86.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1322Lundell A.C., Hesselmar B., Nordström I., Adlerberth I., Wold A.E., Rudin A. Higher B-cell activating factor levels at birth are positively associated with maternal dairy farm exposure and negatively related to allergy development. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2015; 136(4): 1074–82.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2015.03.022Lundell A.C., Hesselmar B., Nordström I., Adlerberth I., Wold A.E., Rudin A. Higher B-cell activating factor levels at birth are positively associated with maternal dairy farm exposure and negatively related to allergy development. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2015; 136(4): 1074–82.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2015.03.022Du Toit G., Roberts G., Sayre P.H., Bahnson H.T., Radulovic S., Santos A.F., et al. Randomized trial of peanut consumption in infants at risk for peanut allergy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2015; 372(9): 803–13. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1414850Du Toit G., Roberts G., Sayre P.H., Bahnson H.T., Radulovic S., Santos A.F., et al. Randomized trial of peanut consumption in infants at risk for peanut allergy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2015; 372(9): 803–13. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1414850Moon P.D., Han N.R., Kim H.M., Jeong H.J. High-fat diet exacerbates dermatitis through up-regulation of TSLP. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2019; 139(5): 1198–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2018.11.003Moon P.D., Han N.R., Kim H.M., Jeong H.J. High-fat diet exacerbates dermatitis through up-regulation of TSLP. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2019; 139(5): 1198–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2018.11.003Leung D.Y.M., Berdyshev E., Goleva E. Cutaneous barrier dysfunction in allergic diseases. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2020; 145(6): 1485–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.02.021Leung D.Y.M., Berdyshev E., Goleva E. Cutaneous barrier dysfunction in allergic diseases. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2020; 145(6): 1485–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.02.021Bäck O., Blomquist H.K., Hernell O., Stenberg B. Does vitamin D intake during infancy promote the development of atopic allergy? Acta Derm. Venereol. 2009; 89(1): 28–32. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-0541Bäck O., Blomquist H.K., Hernell O., Stenberg B. Does vitamin D intake during infancy promote the development of atopic allergy? Acta Derm. Venereol. 2009; 89(1): 28–32. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-0541Flohr C., Mann J. New approaches to the prevention of childhood atopic dermatitis. Allergy. 2014; 69(1): 56–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12343Flohr C., Mann J. New approaches to the prevention of childhood atopic dermatitis. Allergy. 2014; 69(1): 56–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12343Tan-Lim C.S.C., Esteban-Ipac N.A.R., Mantaring J.B.V. 3rd., Chan Shih Yen E., Recto M.S.T., Sison O.T., et al. Comparative effectiveness of probiotic strains for the treatment of pediatric atopic dermatitis: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2021; 32(1): 124–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.13305Tan-Lim C.S.C., Esteban-Ipac N.A.R., Mantaring J.B.V. 3rd., Chan Shih Yen E., Recto M.S.T., Sison O.T., et al. Comparative effectiveness of probiotic strains for the treatment of pediatric atopic dermatitis: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2021; 32(1): 124–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.13305

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.