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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rfhealth</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Здравоохранение Российской Федерации</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Health care of the Russian Federation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0044-197X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0723</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0044-197X-2024-68-4-331-336</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">ncvywk</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rfhealth-1637</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИСТОРИЯ ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ И МЕДИЦИНЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE AND MEDICINE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Охрана здоровья детей в среде российской эмиграции и СССР в условиях распространения инфекционных болезней в 1920–1930-е гг.</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Protection of children’s health in the environment of Russian emigration and the USSR in the conditions of the spread of infectious diseases in the 1920s–1930s</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3541-7159</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Климович</surname><given-names>Людмила Валерьевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Klimovich</surname><given-names>Lyudmila V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор ист. наук, профессор каф. истории ФГБОУ ВО «Ульяновский государственный педагогический университет имени И.Н. Ульянова» (ФГБОУ ВО УлГПУ им. И.Н. Ульянова), 432071, Ульяновск, Россия</p><p>e-mail: lusek84@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc, Professor, Department of history, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk, 432071, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: lusek84@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lusek84@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4181-9034</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Суворов</surname><given-names>Валерий Владимирович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Suvorov</surname><given-names>Valery V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. ист. наук, науч. сотр. Центра координации фундаментальной научной деятельности ФГБУ «НМИЦ терапии и профилактической медицины» Минздрава РФ,101990, Москва, Россия</p><p>e-mail: valeriy_s@inbox.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, researcher at the Coordinating Center for Fundamental Research of the National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, Moscow, 101990, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: valeriy_s@inbox.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">valeriy_s@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1114-2579</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шайпак</surname><given-names>Леонид Александрович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shaipak</surname><given-names>Leonid A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор ист. наук, профессор кафедры истории ФГБОУ ВО «Ульяновский государственный педагогический университет имени И.Н. Ульянова», 432071, Ульяновск, Россия</p><p>e-mail: shaipak@rambler.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, DSci., Professor of the Department of history, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk, 432071, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: shaipak@rambler.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shaipak@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3967-3950</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киселев</surname><given-names>Антон Робертович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kiselev</surname><given-names>Anton R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, профессор, руководитель Центра координации фундаментальной научной деятельности ФГБУ «НМИЦ терапии и профилактической медицины» Минздрава РФ, 101990, Москва, Россия</p><p>e-mail: antonkis@list.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, DSci., Professor, Head of the Coordinating Center for Fundamental Research of the National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, Moscow, 101990, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: antonkis@list.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">antonkis@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Ульяновский государственный педагогический университет имени И.Н. Ульянова»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I. Ulyanov<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр терапии и профилактической медицины» &#13;
Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>68</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>331</fpage><lpage>336</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Климович Л.В., Суворов В.В., Шайпак Л.А., Киселев А.Р., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Климович Л.В., Суворов В.В., Шайпак Л.А., Киселев А.Р.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Klimovich L.V., Suvorov V.V., Shaipak L.A., Kiselev A.R.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rfhealth.ru/jour/article/view/1637">https://www.rfhealth.ru/jour/article/view/1637</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Сохранение здоровья детей является важной государственной задачей, успех которой во многом определяется социокультурным контекстом, традициями в применении мер профилактики и оказании медицинской помощи. В этом отношении показательно сопоставление мер по сохранению здоровья школьников в «русских школах» эмигрантской среды (на примере школ в Чехословакии и Королевства Югославия) и советских школах в 1920–1930-е гг. в условиях распространения инфекционных заболеваний.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Источниками данных послужили опубликованные отчёты русских учебных заведений в эмиграции, в которых содержатся сведения о состоянии здоровья школьников. Данные о здоровье советских школьников были получены из сборников аналитических работ за указанный период.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Распространённость инфекционных заболеваний у детей в среде российской эмиграции и в СССР была сопоставимой, за исключением кори, случаи которой в эмигрантских учебных заведениях в Чехословакии и Королевстве Югославия не были зафиксированы. В качестве основных профилактических мер проводились дезинфекция и осмотры, делались прививки. Условия проживания эмигрантов способствовали распространению туберкулёза, частота случаев которого у детей эмигрантов была выше, чем среди европейского населения. Советские и эмигрантские врачи сходились во мнении, что борьба с инфекционными заболеваниями должна развиваться на уровне организованных коллективов (школы, детские сады).</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Эмигрантские врачи во многом следовали медицинским традициям и опыту, которые сложились ещё в дореволюционной России. Тем не менее условия жизни эмигрантов, нехватка средств становились факторами, снижавшими результативность профилактических мер и медицинской помощи. Важным отличием стало то, что мероприятия в Советском Союзе проводились в рамках государственной политики по охране здоровья, а в эмигрантской среде носили локальный характер, определяемый, как правило, возможностями конкретных учебных заведений.</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов:Климович Л.В. — концепция и дизайн исследования, сбор и обработка материала написание текста, статистическая обработка данных;Суворов В.В. — сбор и обработка материала, написание текста, составление списка литературы;Шайпак Л.А., Киселев А.Р. — написание текста, редактирование.Все соавторы — утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила 08</title><p>Поступила 08.02.2023 / Принята к печати 12.04.2023 / Опубликована 29.08.2024</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The preservation of children’s health is an important state task, the success of which is largely determined by the socio-cultural context, traditions in the application of preventive measures and the provision of medical care. In this regard, it is indicative of the comparison of measures to preserve the health of schoolchildren in the “Russian schools” of the emigrant environment (on the example of schools in the Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) and Soviet schools in the 1920s and 1930s in the conditions of the spread of infectious diseases.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The data sources were published reports of Russian educational institutions in exile, which contain information about the health of schoolchildren, data on the health of Soviet schoolchildren were obtained from collections of analytical works of the specified period.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The prevalence of infectious diseases in children among Russian emigration and in the USSR was comparable, with the exception of measles, cases of which were not recorded in emigrant educational institutions in the Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. As the main preventive measures, disinfection and examinations were carried out, vaccinations were made. The living conditions of emigrants contributed to the spread of tuberculosis, the incidence of which among children of emigrants was higher than among the European population. Soviet and emigrant doctors agreed that the fight against infectious diseases should develop at the level of organized collectives (schools, kindergartens).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Thus, emigrant doctors largely followed the medical traditions and experience that had developed in pre-revolutionary Russia. Nevertheless, the living conditions of emigrants and the lack of funds became factors that reduced the effectiveness of preventive measures and medical care. An important difference was that the events in the Soviet Union were carried out within the framework of the state policy on health protection, and in the emigrant environment were of a local nature, determined as a rule by the capabilities of specific educational institutions.</p><p>Contribution of the authors:Klimovich L.V. — research concept and design, collection and processing of material, writing the text, statistical data processing;Suvorov V.V. — collection and processing of material, writing the text, compilation of the list of literature;Shaipak L.A. — writing the text, editing;Kiselev A.R. — writing the text, editing.All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.</p></sec><sec><title>Acknowledgment</title><p>Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title> Received</title><p> Received: February 8, 2023 / Accepted: April 12, 2023 / Published: August 29, 2024</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>инфекционные заболевания</kwd><kwd>охрана здоровья детей</kwd><kwd>«русские школы»</kwd><kwd>эмиграция</kwd><kwd>здравоохранение СССР</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>infectious diseases</kwd><kwd>children’s health protection</kwd><kwd>“Russian schools”</kwd><kwd>emigration</kwd><kwd>health care of the USSR</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andriyanova E.A., Zavialov A.I., Rajkova S.V., Suvorov V.V. The contribution of medical communities and rural doctors to the development of sanitary care in the Saratov province in the second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. 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