<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rfhealth</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Здравоохранение Российской Федерации</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Health care of the Russian Federation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0044-197X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0723</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0044-197X-2023-67-5-397-402</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">ksadzl</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rfhealth-1384</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Результаты пилотного проекта управления антимикробной терапией в детском стационаре</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Results of a pilot project of microbial therapy management at the children’s hospital</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5272-2070</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Власова</surname><given-names>Анна Викторовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vlasova</surname><given-names>Anna V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. мед. наук, зав. отделом клинической фармакологии ГБУЗ «Морозовская ДГКБ ДЗМ», 119049, Москва.</p><p>e-mail: annavlasova75@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Head of the Clinical pharmacology department, Morozov Children’s Clinical Hospital of the Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, 119049, Russian Federation.</p><p>e-mail: annavlasova75@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">annavlasova75@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнова</surname><given-names>Елена В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnova</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5821-9468</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волкова</surname><given-names>Надежда Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Volkova</surname><given-names>Nadezda N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4815-3204</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дымнова</surname><given-names>Лилия В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dymnova</surname><given-names>Liliya V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1287-3039</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Анджель</surname><given-names>Андрей Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Angel</surname><given-names>Andrey E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1937-8168</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Романова</surname><given-names>Юлия В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Romanova</surname><given-names>Yulia V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3263-5145</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рахалина</surname><given-names>Антонина А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rakhalina</surname><given-names>Antonina A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0321-7400</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шаршакова</surname><given-names>Анастасия А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sharshakova</surname><given-names>Anastasia A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8272-3648</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горев</surname><given-names>Валерий В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorev</surname><given-names>Valerii V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9198-8661</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Журавлева</surname><given-names>Марина В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhuravleva</surname><given-names>Marina V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ «Морозовская детская городская клиническая больница Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы»; ГБУ города Москвы «Научно-исследовательский институт организации здравоохранения и медицинского менеджмента Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы»; ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Morozov Children’s Clinical Hospital of the Moscow Healthcare Department; Research Institute for Healthcare Organization and Medical Management of Moscow Healthcare Department; Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ «Морозовская детская городская клиническая больница Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Morozov Children’s Clinical Hospital of the Moscow Healthcare Department<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Научный центр экспертизы средств медицинского применения» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации; ФГАОУ ВО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова Министерства&#13;
здравоохранения Российской Федерации (Сеченовский университет)<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>67</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>397</fpage><lpage>402</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Власова А.В., Смирнова Е.В., Волкова Н.Н., Дымнова Л.В., Анджель А.Е., Романова Ю.В., Рахалина А.А., Шаршакова А.А., Горев В.В., Журавлева М.В., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Власова А.В., Смирнова Е.В., Волкова Н.Н., Дымнова Л.В., Анджель А.Е., Романова Ю.В., Рахалина А.А., Шаршакова А.А., Горев В.В., Журавлева М.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Vlasova A.V., Smirnova E.V., Volkova N.N., Dymnova L.V., Angel A.E., Romanova Y.V., Rakhalina A.A., Sharshakova A.A., Gorev V.V., Zhuravleva M.V.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rfhealth.ru/jour/article/view/1384">https://www.rfhealth.ru/jour/article/view/1384</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Всемирной организацией здравоохранения (ВОЗ) в 2019 г. предложены клинико-фармакологические инструменты для управления антимикробной терапии в стационаре.</p><p>Цель — показать возможности управления антимикробной терапией как медицинской технологией для детских стационаров.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Пилот реализован с 2019 по 2021 г. на базе ГБУЗ «Морозовская ДГКБ ДЗМ» методами WHO AWaRe* и точечной оценки распространённости использования антибиотиков инструментария ВОЗ. Сформированы документы медицинской организации, обеспечившие переход от традиционных к новым подходам с 2019 до 2021 г. для поддержания клинической практики применения антибиотиков на основе клинических рекомендаций.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Сравнительный анализ потребления антибиотиков до (в 2019 г.) и после (в 2021 г.) реализации проекта показал снижение в 2,7 раза числа дней терапии (ЧДТ) на 100 пациенто-дней (с 65,99 до 24,34). Методом WHO AWaRe определены 2-кратное снижение потребления антибиотиков категории «Доступ» и 5-кратное снижение потребления антибиотиков категории «Контроль»: в 2019 г. — 41,13% (27,55 ЧДТ), в 2021 г. — 60,1% (4,64 ЧДТ). Потребление антибиотиков категории «Резерв» не изменилось. За время внедрения проекта в ГБУЗ «Морозовская ДГКБ ДЗМ» показатель «Нерациональная антибиотикотерапия» снизился с 35,32% до 11,60%, ключевой показатель «Агрессивное лечение», составивший в 2019 г. 4,8% случаев, в 2021 г. не зафиксирован.</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследований</title><p>Ограничения исследований. В настоящей публикации описана одна медицинская организация, в которой реализован настоящий проект, что несколько снижает ценность полученных результатов.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. В результате внедрения принципов управления антимикробной терапией в рамках настоящего пилотного проекта удалось снизить нерациональное применение антибиотиков в детском стационаре.</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Исследование не требует представления заключения комитета по биомедицинской этике или иных документов.</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов:Власова А.В. — концепция и дизайн исследования, сбор и обработка материала, написание текста;Смирнова Е.В. — статистическая обработка данных, редактирование;Волкова Н.Н. — составление списка литературы;Дымнова Л.В. — редактирование;Романова Ю.В., Рахалина А.А, Шаршакова А.А. — сбор и обработка материала;Анджель А.Е., Горев В.В., Журавлева М.В. — утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.Все авторы — утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила 22</title><p>Поступила 22.06.2023Принята в печать 23.08.2023Опубликована 03.11.2023</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. In multidisciplinary pediatric hospitals in Russia, the prerequisite for the formation of principles of antimicrobial therapy management as a medical technology, implemented with the participation of a clinical pharmacologist became possible on the basis of updated clinical and pharmacological tools proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2019.</p></sec><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>Purpose. The project goal is to show the possibilities of control of antimicrobial therapy, as a medical technology in multidisciplinary children’s hospitals to improve adherence to domestic clinical recommendations in the actual clinical practice of implementing antibiotic therapy management programs in children on the profile of «Pediatrics».</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. The pilot scheme was implemented from 2019 to 2021 on the basis of the Morozov Children’s Clinical Hospital by methods of WHO AWaRe and points estimation of prevalence of antibiotic use according to WHO tool checklist in dynamics. Regulatory documents of medical organization (MO) were formed, which ensured transition from traditional to new approaches within 3 years from 2019 to 2021 to maintain clinical practice of antibiotic use based on clinical guidelines.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. A comparative study of clinical antibiotic use in children “before” the project in 2019 and “after” in 2021 showed a 2.7-fold decrease in antibiotic use by absolute DDDs from 65.99 in 2019 to 24.34 in 2021. DDDs per 100 p/d. By WHO AWaRe method for absolute values of antibiotics in the “Tolerance” category, a 2-fold decrease in consumption and a 5-fold decrease in consumption for absolute values of antibiotics in the “Control” category: in 2019. — 41.13% (abs. 27.55 PDT per 100 p/d) and in 2021. — 60.1% (abs. 4.64 PDT per 100 p/d). Consumption of “Reserve” category antibiotics by absolute values has not changed.</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. This publication describes one medical institution in which this project was implemented, which somewhat reduces the value of the results obtained.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. As a result of the implementation of the principles of managing antimicrobial therapy, this pilot project was able to reduce the irrational use of antibiotics in the pediatric hospital.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require submission of the opinion of the biomedical ethics committee or other documents.</p><p>Contribution of the authors:Vlasova A.V. — research concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, writing the text;Smirnova E.V. — statistical data processing, editing;Volkova N.N. — compilation of a list of references;Dymnova L.V. — editing, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;Romanova Yu.V. — collection and processing of material;Rakhalina A.A. — collection and processing of material;Sharshakova A.A. — collection and processing of material;Angel A.E., Gorev V.V., Zhuravleva M.V. — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.</p></sec><sec><title>Acknowledgment</title><p>Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: June 22, 2023Accepted: August 23, 2023Published: November 3, 2023</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>антибиотики</kwd><kwd>рациональная антимикробная терапия</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>antibiotics</kwd><kwd>rational antimicrobial therapy</kwd><kwd>children</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berrington A. Antimicrobial prescribing in hospitals: be careful what you measure. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2010; 65(1): 163–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkp399</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berrington A. Antimicrobial prescribing in hospitals: be careful what you measure. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2010; 65(1): 163–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkp399</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">WHO. Review of antibiotics in National Medicines Selection Lists in eastern Europe and central Asia; 2023. Available at: https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/9789289058582</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">WHO. Review of antibiotics in National Medicines Selection Lists in eastern Europe and central Asia; 2023. Available at: https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/9789289058582</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">WHO. Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance; 2016. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241509763</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">WHO. Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance; 2016. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241509763</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Natsch S., Hekster Y.A., de Jong R., Heerdink E.R., Herings R.M., van der Meer J.W. Application of the ATC/DDD methodology to monitor antibiotic drug use. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 1998; 17(1): 20–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01584358</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Natsch S., Hekster Y.A., de Jong R., Heerdink E.R., Herings R.M., van der Meer J.W. Application of the ATC/DDD methodology to monitor antibiotic drug use. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 1998; 17(1): 20–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01584358</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">WHO. The 2019 WHO AWaRe classification of antibiotics for evaluation and monitoring of use; 2019. Available at: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/327957</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">WHO. The 2019 WHO AWaRe classification of antibiotics for evaluation and monitoring of use; 2019. Available at: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/327957</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Романов Б.К., Олефир Ю.В., Аляутдин Р.Н., Глаголев С.В., Поливанов В.А., Ильенко Л.И. и др. Безопасность применения лекарственных средств у детей – данные международного мониторинга за 50 лет. Безопасность и риск фармакотерапии. 2019; 7(2): 57–64. https://doi.org/10.30895/2312-7821-2019-7-2-57-64 https://elibrary.ru/clsfrz</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Romanov B.K., Olefir Yu.V., Alyautdin R.N., Glagolev S.V., Polivanov V.A., Ilienko L.I., et al. Drug safety for children – international monitoring data for 50 years. Bezopasnost’ i risk farmakoterapii. 2019; 7(2): 57–64. https://doi.org/10.30895/2312-7821-2019-7-2-57-64 https://elibrary.ru/clsfrz (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Колбин А.С., Белоусов Д.Ю. Краткий отчёт о развитии доказательств, основанных на данных реальной клинической практики (RWD/RWE) в 2021 году: США, Россия и Евразийский экономический союз (ЕАЭС). Реальная клиническая практика: данные и доказательства. 2022; 2(1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.37489/2782-3784-myrwd-6 https://elibrary.ru/fzczwc</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolbin A.S., Belousov D.Yu. Brief report of real-world evidence development (RWD/RWE) in 2021: United States, Russia, and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). Real’naya klinicheskaya praktika: dannye i dokazatel’stva. 2022; 2(1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.37489/2782-3784-myrwd-6 https://elibrary.ru/fzczwc (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сычев Д.А. Полипрагмазия в клинической практике: проблема и решения. М.; 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sychev D.A. Polypharmacy in Clinical Practice: Problem and Solutions [Polipragmaziya v klinicheskoy praktike: problema i resheniya]. Moscow; 2016. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang S.V., Pinheiro S., Hua W., Arlett P., Uyama Y., Berlin J.A., et al. STaRT-RWE: structured template for planning and reporting on the implementation of real world evidence studies. BMJ. 2021; 372: m4856. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m4856</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang S.V., Pinheiro S., Hua W., Arlett P., Uyama Y., Berlin J.A., et al. STaRT-RWE: structured template for planning and reporting on the implementation of real world evidence studies. BMJ. 2021; 372: m4856. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m4856</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baker C., Feinstein J.A., Ma X., Bolen S., Dawson N.V., Golchin N., et al. Variation of the prevalence of pediatric polypharmacy: A scoping review. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf. 2019; 28(3): 275–87. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.4719</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baker C., Feinstein J.A., Ma X., Bolen S., Dawson N.V., Golchin N., et al. Variation of the prevalence of pediatric polypharmacy: A scoping review. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf. 2019; 28(3): 275–87. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.4719</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hsia Y., Lee B.R., Versporten A., Yang Y., Bielicki J., Jackson C., et al. Use of the WHO Access, Watch, and Reserve classification to define patterns of hospital antibiotic use (AWaRe): an analysis of paediatric survey data from 56 countries. Lancet Glob. Health. 2019; 7(7): e861–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(19)30071-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hsia Y., Lee B.R., Versporten A., Yang Y., Bielicki J., Jackson C., et al. Use of the WHO Access, Watch, and Reserve classification to define patterns of hospital antibiotic use (AWaRe): an analysis of paediatric survey data from 56 countries. Lancet Glob. Health. 2019; 7(7): e861–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(19)30071-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
